Social Status And Social Class - 1188 Words

At some point in time, most people ponder on a question like: How long will I live? Will it be at a young age, or well into the 80’s? When will it be time to say goodbye? Some people don’t know what to do to live long luxurious lives, others may think they do, but don’t. Nowadays, people are living longer, and according to the American Psychological Association (2008): The United States is facing unprecedented increases in the older adult population. Americans age 65 and over comprise nearly 13 percent of the U.S. population, and their proportion is estimated to increase to 20 percent of the population in the next 25 years. As the percentage of older Americans rises, so does concern for their economic stability. The key to living a long enjoyable life is based on two factors: their social status and their social class. A social status is a person’s importance when it comes to other people. Social class is more directed towards ones finances or wealth. Armenakis (2015) states the importance of longevity pertaining to social factors are: â€Å"Education, income occupation, ethnicity race, religion, political affiliation, and geographic region.† The reasons one social class and status determine their length of life, can be viewed by the following 3 categories: Ones finances, one’s relationships, and how one treats themselves. Money is something that is always present, and one way or another a person needs money or something of equal value to be able to acquire itemsShow MoreRelatedThe Subjects Of Social Class And Status1445 Words   |  6 Pagessubjects of social class and status are major concerns in the lives of the characters in Jane Austen’s Emma. If one belie ves the Oxford English Dictionary definitions that consider social status to be [a] person’s standing or importance in relation to other people within a society, and social rank to mean [a] division of a society based on social and economic status, we can see that there is a definite difference in meaning that marks an important dichotomy in the novel. While social class is determinedRead MoreSocial Class And Status Groups1318 Words   |  6 PagesSocial class is a concept that has been interpreted countless times throughout history. The existence of social class and status groups has even been questioned and whether it is a positive or negative thing. This ethnography explores groups of class and how distinctions between individuals on a macro level can affect their micro level interactions in everyday life. The differences between individuals macro distribution would not have any effect if they were not illustrated in everyday micro levelRead MoreSocial Class : An Individu al s Status741 Words   |  3 PagesSocial class is an individual’s status based on his or her esteem and prestige acquired mainly through economic success and wealth. The status is compared against a pre-set hierarchy that determines to which class the individual belongs. Social class does matter as well. Social class determines everything about an individual. It determines what neighborhood and environment the individual grows up in, the types of school they attend, and what opportunities is open up for them. Social class also determinedRead MoreSocial Class As A Society Based On Social And Economic Status992 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay will explore the notion of social class and whether it is still relevant within today’s society. The Oxford Dictionary defines social class as ‘a division of a society based on social and economic status’ and is measurable in terms of stratification and inequality. Stratification suggests people are ranked hierarchi cally according to their attributes such as income, wealth, power, age, gender and status, whereas, inequality explains the difference between people in terms of their abilitiesRead MoreSocial Class As A Society Based On Social And Economic Status1554 Words   |  7 Pages Social class is a division of a society based on social and economic status. Why do we have social class in our societies? For what purpose does social class, even exist? From India, to the United States, many different societies have different social classes and systems. So why does social class and system differ from place to place? These are some essential questions that need to be answered. Amazingly, the Caste System in India has been around for thousands of years. The caste system placesRead MoreSocial Class As A Society Based On Social And Economic Status1101 Words   |  5 PagesSocial class is a division of a society based on social and economic status. Why do we have social class in our societies? For what purpose does social class, even exist? From the United States, to India, many different societies have different social classes and systems. So why does social class and system differ from place to place? These are some essential questions that need to be answered. Amazingly, the Caste System in India has been around for thousands of years. The caste system placesRead MoreSocial Class Status Of A Child s Parents Essay886 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand the impact of how social class makes a difference in family life, specifically the children lives. This book talks about how the social class will determine how children will use their cultivate skills in the future. Through her research, she finds the differences in the parenting styles of twelves families, which all the kids was in the third grade. While reading the book Lareau found that middle class parents practice concerted cultivation, and working class and poor parents practice accomplishmentRead MoreHow Chaucer Examines Class and Social Status in The Canterbury Tales690 Words   |  3 Pagesoccurrence. We recently talked about the Jerry Sandusky case, Discuss the ways in which Chaucer examines class and social status in The Canterbury Tales. The Canterbury Tales is absorbed in the minutiae of the three estates, or the distinctions between class and social status. In many ways, too, it seems to act as a parody on the various classes. The three estates are each divided into their specific class. There is the clergy (those who pray); the nobility (those who fight); and the commoner or peasantryRead MoreSocial Stratification in Manifesto of the Communist Party by Karl Marx and Max Webers Class, Status and Party474 Words   |  2 PagesSocial Stratification in Manifesto of the Communist Party by Karl Marx and Max Webers Class, Status and Party Social stratification is the ranking of members of society in a way that some of its members are regarded as superior and others as inferior. This theory is certainly debated in present time and was debated as far back as 1776 when Karl Marx presented his theory in his Manifesto of the Communist Party. In the 1880s, Max Weber combatted that document in his ownRead MoreSocial Class And Education : How Socioeconomic Status And Family Background Can Affect The Learning Outcomes Of Many Children1605 Words   |  7 Pages Chapter three on Social Class and Education discusses how socioeconomic status and family background can affect the learning outcomes of many children in school. Lois Weis points out that the students who are from low-income families are suffering educationally because they have no choice but to attend schools that are in poor areas and they tend receive a lower level of instruction (Weis, 2016). Students who fall under a category of middle to upper class can attend schools that are in better areas

The Heros Journey - 1704 Words

Christian Lescznske Professor Larkin ELIT2055-B 31 March 2014 The Hero’s Journey: Comparing and Contrasting Heroes Joseph Campbell was an American psychologist and mythological researcher. In his lifelong research, Campbell discovered many common patterns running through hero myths and stories from around the world. Years of research lead Campbell to discover several basic stages that almost every hero-quest goes through (no matter what culture the myth is a part of). He calls this common structure â€Å"the monomyth† (Hero’s Journey). The â€Å"hero’s journey† appears in drama, storytelling, myth, religious ritual, and psychological development. It describes the typical adventure of The Hero, who goes out and achieves great deeds on behalf†¦show more content†¦Along with this new awareness, comes the theme of denial. Gilgamesh doesn’t want to accept the fact that he will die. He denies the truth, because he doesn’t want to think about the truth or deal with the tragedy that has just st ruck him. Due to this, he sets off on a journey to find immortality but is ultimately robbed of it by a serpent. Gilgamesh realizes that immortality is not achievable after his quest for it. He discovers that the quest was pointless, because he will die regardless of the steps to prevent his death, but ultimately ended up learning his biggest lesson from Utnapishtim, the man who become immortal. He learns to appreciate life every day and that humans are meant to die. The last stage in the hero’s journey is the return. Gilgamesh returns to Uruk with this information and begins to appreciate life and his kingdom. Overall, this experience changed Gilgamesh for the better. Throughout the story you can see how the character transformed and how his journey bettered him in the end by making him a better human and king, and making him learn to appreciate life everyday up until its very end. Unlike The Epic of Gilgamesh, Oedipus: The King is different because Oedipus is not your t raditional epic hero. In fact, he is the opposite, a tragic hero. By definition, a tragic hero is a character who is unavoidably doomed. That hero’s fate has already been decidedShow MoreRelatedA Heros Journey3224 Words   |  13 PagesA Hero’s Journey: Hamlet and Simba What images come to mind as you reflect on your childhood? Playgrounds, blackboards, and soccer balls may be among the warmest of memories. Yet for many mermaids swim their thoughts, princesses get swept of their feet, and lions roar to their loyal place in the animal kingdom. There is no doubt that today’s entertainment has most of its touch using classical influences. Walt Disney has produced animated films that have captured the heart and imagination of audiencesRead MoreA Heros Journey with Odysseus1192 Words   |  5 Pages A Hero’s Journey with Odysseus Of all literature works read thus far, the Odyssey full fills the hero’s journey in all aspects of the story. Throughout this story there are vivid examples of how the hero’s journey is outlined. From the beginning of â€Å"the hero’s journey†, which is the call to adventure Odysseus will begin his journey when he makes the choice of going into battle in the Trojan War. There will also be specific events in this epic story to display â€Å"the hero’s journey† even furtherRead More The Hero’s Journey Essay1012 Words   |  5 PagesThe Hero’s Journey Watching a film, one can easily recognize plot, theme, characterization, etc., but not many realize what basic principle lies behind nearly every story conceived: the hero’s journey. This concept allows for a comprehensive, logical flow throughout a movie. Once the hero’s journey is thoroughly understood, anyone can pick out the elements in nearly every piece. The hero’s journey follows a simple outline. First the hero in question must have a disadvantaged childhood. NextRead MoreHeros Journey Analysis989 Words   |  4 Pageswhat exactly is ‘the Hero’s Journey’? Well, the answer lies in Joseph Campbell’s book â€Å"The Hero with A Thousand Faces.† Back in the early 20th century, Campbell studied myths from all over the world and he started noticing something similar in all the stories. He noticed that heroes and heroines from every time period were taking more or less the same journey. This became known as ‘the Heroà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Journey’ or the Monomyth. This principle archetype follows a person who goes on a journey, endeavours new challengesRead MoreOdysseus, a Heros Journey913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Hero’s Journey:       The Odyssey by Homer is the story of Odysseus, a very brave, strong and smart Greek mythic hero who embarks on an epic journey.   His journey fulfills all the requisites of a Hero’s Journey.   Odysseus’ Journey takes him through various mental stages which will be outlined in bold.    Odysseus’ ordinary world is that of the island of Ithaca where he lives with his beloved wife.   When he was looking for a bride, Odysseus visited Sparta where he met Menelaus who was to wedRead MoreThe Journey Of Beowulf : The Heros Journey1944 Words   |  8 Pagesguys†? A Hero’s Journey is the form Joseph Campbell created from his book The Hero With A Thousand Faces it is a more detailed transformation or inner journey of a character throughout a story. A hero in an epic which is a long, narrative poem from ancient oral telling. In the epic â€Å"Beowulf†, Beowulf is the epic hero. He performed many heroic deeds during his life including the killing of Grendel and his mother, he did what many were not willing to take on. Beowulf takes on a Hero’s Journey by havingRead MoreBeowulf As A Heros Journey1624 Words   |  7 PagesFor Beowulf to retain its relevance after a journey from single surviving manuscript to famous epic poem, one can assume its star role is filled by a character extraordinary. The poem’s hero, Beowulf, strikingly resembles many renown principal characters. It would be an uphill battle arguing against him joining the likes of Hercules, Jesus Christ, and many more in their ÃÅ"bermensch status. Based on his words and actions, it is painstakingly clear that Beowulf is an archetypal hero; someone who sharesRead MoreHeros Journey Archetype1451 Words   |  6 Pages The archetype of the Hero’s Journey holds a prevalent pattern in the works of â€Å"Initiation† by Sylvia Plath, â€Å"A P† by John Updike, and â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker. These works all follow the 17 stages of Joseph Campbell’s Monomyth which are separated in three stages; separation, initiation, and return. The main characters have different characterizations; however, they all follow the basic structure of the Hero’s journey archetype. There are many similarities and differences bet ween the stagesRead MoreThe Stages of Heros Journey1184 Words   |  5 PagesHeros Journey Introduction Heros journey is the transition that a normal man goes through to become a hero. There is a set pattern of events that take place and thus this journey forms the basic template for all the stories and folktales that have been narrated since the beginning of times. From the very fundamental bed time stories to the traditional and popular tales, heros journey is the path that has been observed to be followed by the narrator of the story. In the book called The Hero withRead MoreA Heros Journey: the Incredibles1770 Words   |  8 PagesHero’s Journey: The Incredibles The Hero’s Journey is an important concept, it is the template upon which a vast majority of successful stories and Hollywood blockbuster are based upon. Being able to analyze, understand and deconstruct the different capacities undertaken by the Hero is essential. The Hero’s Journey is a cycle made of super structures/steps which consists of both linkages and connections. It is composed of a beginning and an end, which ultimately are the same. This full cycle is

Why you should follow nutrition Free Essays

Introduction Of the many things one can do to enhance one’s state of health, none is more important than maintaining proper nutrition. The mind and body cannot function optimally without the proper supply of nutrients and energy obtained from food. A key tenet of the holistic approach to health is that each person must take responsibility for his or her own health. We will write a custom essay sample on Why you should follow nutrition or any similar topic only for you Order Now Making intelligent decisions about nutrition—about what and how much to eat—is an important part of this responsibility, because the diet one chooses and follows can keep one healthy. In the words of Philip Lee (1977) professor of social medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine: As a nation we have come to believe that our medicine and medical technology can solve all our major health problems†¦ But the problems can never be solved merely by more and more medical care. The health of individuals and the health of the population is determined by a variety of biological (host), behavioral, sociocultural, environmental factors. None of these is more important than the food we eat (Burkitt et al. 1974). Good nutrition: Striking the Right Balance What is the best argument for following a good nutrition in one’s life instead of eating all the junk food one can consume. Every person’s body has a unique chemical and physical composition that corresponds to a state of optimal wellness, because the human body is constructed of atoms and molecules that are arranged in particular combinations and proportions that are unique to each person. One’s body contains few of the same atoms and molecules it had even a few weeks ago, because its chemical constituents are continually replaced by different atoms and molecules acquired from the food one eats. There are about forty known essential nutrients and perhaps others are not yet identified, that must be continually resupplied to the body (Ricciuto). Failure to obtain enough of one or more of the essential nutrients can result in a nutritional deficiency disease, such as goiter (enlarged thyroid gland), which may be caused by too little iodine, beri-beri, a disease characterized by weakness and wasting away that is caused by too little thiamine (vitamin B1), anemia (too few red blood cells) from insufficient iron; and blindness from vitamin A deficiency, the most common cause of blindness in children, world-wide. Since all nutrients act in concert, a deficiency of one may impair the utilization of others even if the others are acquired in adequate amounts. Thus, a proper nutritional state is a matter of maintaining a complex balance of the essential nutrients. One can argue that one eats a little of everything in the proper amounts just to keep fit. But still it does not work that way. This is because poor health can result in eating too much of certain kinds of food, or from eating too much in general. For example, overeating is the principal cause of obesity, which contributes to the development of such serious diseases as high blood pressure, stroke, diabetes and some forms of cancer. Cancer of the colon may be related to eating too much meat and processed foods and not getting enough fiber or roughage that may be essential to maintain a healthy colon. High salt intake is related to high blood pressure and high sugar intake is related to tooth decay (the most prevalent disease in the industrialized world). Much of the tooth decay could be prevented if people followed very simple nutrition rules (Breslow Enstrom 1980). Physiological Benefits of Body Work Our industrial society depends on an enormous variety of machines that free people from an equally enormous number of physical tasks. Some of these tasks, such as heavy construction work of large-scale farming, would be well-nigh impossible without the help of machines. Others, such as traveling to work or school, getting to the seventh floor of a building, or washing clothes, could be accomplished without the aid of machines (and some people argue they ought to be), but few of us are likely to give up the use of cars, elevators, and washers. They simply make the task of daily living easier. As a result, few people do much moving around under their own muscular power. That is, many of us get little exercise. According to William B. Kannel and Paul Sorlie (1979) who have studied the effects of lifestyle on the occurrence of heart disease:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Over the past quarter of a century, there has evolved a growing suspicion that the transformation of man by modern technology from a physically active agrarian creature to a sedentary industrial one has exacted a toll in ill health. The evidence on which this is based comes from epidemiological studies, clinical observations, and the work physiologist. Most of the attention has been focused on the possible contribution of physical indolence to the development of cardiovascular disease, the chief health hazard of affluent societies and their leading cause of death.† In addition to the physiological benefits, regular physical activity has psychological and spiritual benefits as well. Fr example, a study of middle-aged university professors found that regular exercise made them more self-sufficient, more persevering, less likely to experience mood swings, and more imaginative (Ismail and Trachtman, 1973). In another study, both men and women university students who engaged in regular physical activity were found to have greater self-control, to have increased self-awareness, and to be more self-directed. They also demonstrated a positive self-image (Jeffers, 1977). One of the principal psychological benefits that can come from regular body work is experiencing periods of relaxed concentration, characterized by reduction in physical and psychic tensions, regular breathing rhythms, and increased self-awareness. This experience is often compared to meditation. Tennis instructor Tim Gallwey (1976) describes four stages for obtaining a state of relaxed concentration through body work. The first stage, â€Å"paying attention,† occurs at the beginning of a body work session and involves riveting your concentration on your body work and excluding all other thoughts. The stage of paying attention requires a certain degree of self-discipline—the desire and ability to say â€Å"no† to other demands on your time and energies and to say â€Å"yes† to yourself. WORKS CITED Burkitt, D. P. Walker, R.P. and Painter , N.S.   â€Å"Dietary Fiber and Disease.† Journal of the American   Medical Association, 229 (1974), 1068-1074. Breslow, L. and Enstrom, J.E. â€Å"Persistence of Health Habits and Their Relationship to Mortality.† Preventive Medicine, 9 (1980). 469-483. Ismail, A.H. and Trachtman, I.E. â€Å"Jogging the Imagination.† Psychology Today. 6 (1973), 78-82 Jeffers, J. M. â€Å"The Effects of Physical Conditions on Locus of Control, Body Image and Interpersonal Relationship Orientations. University Males and Females. Dissertation Abstracts, 37 (1977) 3289. Kannel, W.B. and Sorlie, P. â€Å"Some Health Benefits of Physical Activity.† Archives of Internal Medicine, 139 (1979) 857-861. Ricciuto, Anthony. What Power Nutrition can do for you. Retrieved April 19, 2007 at: http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/anthony26.htm How to cite Why you should follow nutrition, Essay examples

Tempest in a Bottle free essay sample

Tempest in a Bottle Old enough to fight, Old enough to drink. We all know that famous saying. Do you agree with this quote? I dont agree with it. Teenage and underage college students drinking have been a longstanding problem in the American culture. They look at drinking as something glamorous, and I am here to say that I feel the drinking age should be higher. Just because at the age of eighteen you are a legal adult and can do adult things like vote, smoke, marry, drive, fly, pay taxes, take out loans, hold public office, serve on a Jury, and fght for their country doesnt mean you should have a rink. My first reason on why the drinking age should be higher is because of maturity level there is a difference between an adult brain and the brain of a maturing adolescent. Most teenage and college students move out long before they turn 21, and therefore under the law, parents have no choice to permit legal responsible drinking in the home. We will write a custom essay sample on Tempest in a Bottle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This may also explain why many underage drinkers are able to consume much larger amounts of alcohol than adults before experiencing the negative consequences of drinking, such as drowsiness, lack of coordination, and withdrawal/effects. And you may have those types of teens and underage college students who drink and they dont know their drinking limit, so they go out and do something stupid. My second reason is physical issues such as stunt in brain development. There has been research done saying that the brain does not finish developing until a person is in their early twenties. Brain maturation culminates in the prefrontal cortex. This is the area that controls Judgments and weighing risks and consequences. This area was thought to be fully mature by the age of 18. But now studies have shown that this area is not fully developed until the age of 25. Example of this were we can see how the brain is not fully developed and matured is when the author Shari Roan stated that Gordie Bailey, Jr. , had been in college only one month before he overdosed on alcohol. Urged on by members of a frat house he was intent on Joining, the 18-year-old drank until he passed out, was dumped onto a couch and was found dead the next morning. When reading that I found that to be sad, because when in college most students under the age of 21 can get a hold of drinks and liquor through their senior friends who are 21 and over.

Private business deals and decision making - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Private business deals and decision making. Answer: Introduction: Public sector implies the government sector of a country. On the other hand, private sector implies private organisations and private investors. While the chief motive of the public sector is to maximise welfare, the chief motive of private sector is to maximise profit. However, when these two sectors work with each other, they become the complementary sector of each other. Hence, the relationship between public and private sector is important for a country to grow and develop its economic structure (Delmon 2017). The government sector helps a country to develop and to grow its economic condition by providing various facilities, policies and subsidies and so on. On the other hand, private sector efficiently handles every economic situation effectively and competitively. Hence, both public sector and private sector has equal importance to develop a countrys national income and economic growth. This partnership can be been in many developed and developing countries (Almarri, K. and Hij leh, B., 2017). Hence, a research will be conducted based on this public-private partnership regarding various business activities in Abu Dhabi. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has eleven emirates. However, among those emirates, the Abu Dhabi is the largest and wealthiest one. It is the capital of UAE as well. The economic structure of Abu Dhabi is basically depends on the oil industry, which contributes maximum portion in the gross national income of the country (Niblock 2015). At present, the government of Abu Dhabi is trying to diversify the economic condition of this emirate by developing the industrial structure of large, medium and small scale industries. This partnership between governments of private sectors will help to develop the goal and agenda of UAE to implement a sustainable and competitive economy. This economy is chiefly based on knowledge, diversity and integration (Kiani 2017). Hence, in this research the chief objective of the researcher is to see that whether these negotiations between public and private sector will help the business sector of Abu Dhabi to deal and negotiate. To do this research, a literature review will be analysed to understand this public-private relationship and its effect on business in Abu Dhabi. After analysing those literates, a research will be done on the current business sector of Abu Dhabi. To do this research, both primary data and secondary data will be required. Moreover, a proper statistical methodology is also needed to analyse the outcome. However, before that, the researcher will point out some basic questions and objectives, which are very much important to conduct this research in a correct way. Research Question and objectives: The researcher is trying to find out some questions that are important to further conduct this research. Research Question: What is the role of public sector and private sector in Abu Dhabi of UAE? What is the business economic condition of Abu Dhabi at present? Does Abu Dhabi need PPPs in their business sectors? What did actually happen on UAEs business sectors where PPPs operate? Why is the government of Abu Dhabi trying to implement the public-private partnership? Whether does this public-private partnership actually help this emirate to deal with business and to take decision on that? Objectives: To critically analyse the economic condition of Abu Dhabi. Find out the effect of Public-Private Partnership in Abu Dhabi To critically examine literatures related to PPPs. To understand the basic concept of creative negotiations within the business sector of Abu Dhabi by its government and private sector. To identify accurate sources to collect both primary and secondary data to analyse. Important Factors for Public Private Partnership (PPPs) in Dubai: A critical review on successful factors of construction industry in UAE: In this research article, the researcher tries to point out the critical success factors (CSFs) related to public-private partnerships within a transitional economy. To analyse this research, a case study is done based on UAE. Moreover, the outcome of this case study is compared with the developed economy of U.K. the partnership between public sector and private sector has hugely influenced the success rate of an economy. Hence, the concept of Public Private Partnership is good for an economy as the success rate is high. This success comes in the form of quality, funding, efficiency, innovation, quality and risk sharing. It develops projects and level of experience of business organisation in UAE. It is important to analyse the critical research factors that influences economic condition of an unstable economy like Abu Dhabi (Almarri and Hijleh 2017). Hence, the chief problem is underdeveloped economy. There are various economic problems which are needed to consider as well. Financia l aspects are another major issue which should be considered at the time of PPPs analysis. In 2015, a new law was introduced in Dubai. This law encourages investors to invest more. It reduces the financial deficit to develop the large-scale projects in this emirate. This research tried to point out important factors in UAE related to Public-Private partnership. Public-Private Partnership in government schools of Abu Dhabi: This research article has analysed and evaluated the effect of partnership between public and private sectors on educational sector of Abu Dhabi. The chief motive of this research article is to analyse the benefits from political and economical perspectives. In educational system, there are various types of partnership between public and private sectors can be seen. Sometimes, the government gives subsidies to existing private schools or provides funds to schools (Iossa and Martimort 2015). Moreover, government contracts give educational services, like, management, and teacher training. In U.S, the government directly contracts with private organisations to operate and manage state level schools, for example, charter and concession schools. Academy Schools had both private and public findings in U.K (Evans 2017). However, there were insufficient data to conduct a research on public-private partnership on education. Public-Private Partnership in large-scale venue development: Large scale places for events and exhibitions are important infrastructure of public sector. Development of venues has taken attention of the government. This is because industry will get potential benefits to the community. It is should be kept in mind that venue development is needed huge amount of capital, unique standard of design and operating costs. In this context, the government has introduced the public-private partnership to innovate different delivery models to develop the venue project. This research is based on two public-private partnership projects in Hong Kong and New Zealand, respectively (Osei-Kyei, Osei-Kyei, Chan and Chan 2017). The government helps PPPs to develop venue for advantages. These advantages are based on enhancing public budgetary constraints, increased quality of public services and increasing innovation and risk transfer optimisation. There are some examples of venue projects which are done by PPPs. These are Stadium Australia, the Melbourne Conventi on and Exhibition Centre and the Beijing National Stadium. Hence, in this research article, the researcher has tried to evaluate the experiences related to venue development by PPPs (Liu and Wilkinson 2014). Microeconomic impact on Public-Private partnerships (PPPs) In this journal, writers have made a theoretical framework to discuss the chief incentive issues related to Public Private Partnerships (PPPs). Under PPPs, the central government agency or local authority enters into long-term contractual agreements with a supplier to deliver some services. Those suppliers will take responsibility to build infrastructure, investment and finance (Marty 2018). Moreover, they manage and maintain this facility. There are many developed and developing countries who apply this partnership to develop economic conditions. Europe, U.S and Canada and some developing countries use this partnership with private sectors to increase and develop various economic sectors under the form of outsourcing, privatisation and deregulation of government (Iossa and Martimort 2015). Moreover, different countries will have different types of PPPs contracts. It can be seen from this research articles that PPPs helps an economy by developing its various economic conditions. These help to build finance and operate infrastructure in water, health, education, transport and waste management. There are also some other factors related to public-private partnership that will develop macro as well as micro economic condition of this economy. However, there is a shortage of data and other related literature articles related to this topic (Iossa and Martimort 2015). Critical Success factors from 1990-2013: Critical success factors related to public-private partnership are the chief attraction for each researcher. Hence, in this research paper, the researcher has tried to find out those successful factors of this partnership from 1990-2013. The most effective successful factors are strong private consortium, public support, risk allocation and sharing and transportation procurement. The global crisis of 2007-2008 has increased the interest to adopt this partnership policy between public sector and private sector for both developed and developing countries (Chou and Pramudawardhani 2015). There are many countries where the government is trying to capture the expertise level of private sector. At the same time, the government is looking for the private investment to reduce the infrastructure deficit. Hence, the research deeply observed various PPPs policies to understand its impact on an economy. After analysing all these factors, a statistical research is also done. Moreover, from this o utcome of research, it can be concluded that, the government of any country adopt this partnership policy to reduce the infrastructural gaps and to develop the economic condition of this country. In this regard, it is important mention that every researcher conducts various investigations, all over the world to implement this partnership policy (Osei-Kyei and Chan 2015). To see the trend of research on crucial social factors of public-private partnership, a review publication, based on three stages, was conducted from 1990 to 2013. Analysis on Public-Private Partnerships: This article will show the principle reasons that why an economy choose public-private partnership. It will also focus on the possible disadvantages for both sectors (Mouraviev, Mouraviev, Kakabadse and Kakabadse 2016). To analyse those matters, researchers have gone through two case studies. The first case study is on bridge construction and the second one is one railway infrastructure. It can be seen that under public-private partnerships, the private sector plays a vital role to develop and maintain public services and infrastructure. However, this is the basic responsibility of a public sector. This concept of public-private partnership was first experienced before 20 years. In some European countries, like, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Ireland and Hungary, private sector plays an important part to develop infrastructure with public sectors. This same thing can be observed in some other developed countries as well. Those are U.S, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and Canada. In this paper, an integrated and systematic approach can be seen this approach gives proper definitions, characteristics, structure and models of PPPs. This whole research tries to find out three chief questions. These are: i) main characteristics of PPPs, ii) how private sector finance and structure PPPs and iii) why and how PPP contracts are negotiated (Sarmento and Renneboog 2016). This paper analyses an integrated approach from the perspective of the public sector and the private sector. Literature Gap: Though there are some research articles based on public-private partnership. However, in each research, the researcher could not get sufficient amount of data. It is also true for this research proposal. There is insufficient amount of data to conduct a research proposal based on public-private business deals and decisions making for Abu Dhabi. Moreover, no such research article based on Abu Dhabis business environment can be found. Hence, it is very important to analyse this research. Methodology: To analyse a statistical methodology, two types of data are required. These are secondary data and primary data (Johnston 2017). In this research article, these two types of data will be used. Secondary data will be used to analyse the previous year data related to PPPs within the business sector of Abu Dhabi. This can be achieved from old records of various business organisations. Moreover, primary data is also required to analyse the current situation of business in Abu Dhabi. To collect this primary data, a survey method will be applied. Hence, a proper and relevant questionnaire will be made by the researcher to collect those primary data. There will be different types of quantitative as well as qualitative responses at the time of data collection (Bryman and Bell 2015). Hence, those qualitative responses will be converted into values to estimate the value of the research. After collecting all these data, a proper and suitable statistical method will be applied to understand the role of public and private sector in Abu Dhabi to deal with business. Moreover, this proper research methodology will help the researcher to find out the proper decision related to business. Sampling Techniques: There are huge numbers of business organisations in Abu Dhabi. Hence, it is impossible for a researcher to take all these business organisations to analyse the research. As the population size is large enough, a sample method is required to choose samples. The research will be done based on those samples (Xiao, Zuo and Zhou 2018). There are oil sectors, tourism sectors and transport sectors. These three sectors are very important as these contribute a huge portion in the gross domestic product of Abu Dhabi. Hence, primary data will be collected from each of these three sectors. However, it should be kept in mind that, data will be collected carefully. This is because; sometimes the outcome becomes biased. Hence, it is better to use simple random sampling technique to choose sample. Outcomes: Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) shows positive impact on business sector and all other sectors of an economy as well. It can be seen from various research articles and journals that this partnership actually helps to grow and develop every micro and macroeconomic factors to improve the economic condition of a country. In every sector, this partnership does a better performance. Hence, a positive outcome can be obtained from this research as well. Each and every business deals and decisions related to public-private partnerships will help business sectors of Abu Dhabi. This research outcome will establish the knowledge of macroeconomic conditions of Abu Dhabi. Moreover, the outcome of this research will show the positive economical and political conditions in Abu Dhabi. As the government is trying to diversify the economic condition of Abu Dhabi by making various business organisations, it will also show the positive side of this effort. It will also help the researcher to understand other economic conditions, where public-private partnership policy is implemented. Timescale: Sequential Activities/ Period Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 4 Week 5 6 Structure of proposal Key research questions Literature review Methodology and outcome Conclusion: At the end of this research, the researcher will get actual outcomes of public-private partnership in Abu Dhabi. This will further help this researcher to conduct more researches related to this topic. Moreover, this research will help to understand the impact of public-private partnership policy in an economy. However, it should be kept in mind that, the researcher will analyse both primary and secondary data efficiently to find out the actual outcome. Moreover, a proper methodology will be needed to analyse those data. In this context, it should be kept in mind that there are insufficient research articles related to this partnership between public sector and private sector in Abu Dhabi and in UAE as well. Hence, the outcome will give huge information on this particular research topic. Reference: Almarri, K. and Hijleh, B., 2017. Critical Success Factors for Public Private Partnerships in the UAE Construction Industry-A Comparative Analysis between the UAE and the UK.Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management,7(1), p.21. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Chou, J.S. and Pramudawardhani, D., 2015. Cross-country comparisons of key drivers, critical success factors and risk allocation for public-private partnership projects.International Journal of Project Management,33(5), pp.1136-1150. Delmon, J., 2017.Public-private partnership projects in infrastructure: an essential guide for policy makers. Cambridge University Press. Evans, M.R., 2017.Through a Glass, Darkly: An Analysis of the Monitoring Process used in Public-Private Partnerships in Abu Dhabi Government Schools(Doctoral dissertation, The Open University). Iossa, E. and Martimort, D., 2015. The simple microeconomics of public?private partnerships.Journal of Public Economic Theory,17(1), pp.4-48. Johnston, M.P., 2017. Secondary data analysis: A method of which the time has come.Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries,3(3), pp.619-626. Kiani, A., 2017. Coupling effects of demand-side improvements ensemble on energy performance to monetary implications for UAE economy.Journal of Cleaner Production,167, pp.44-54. Liu, T. and Wilkinson, S., 2014. Large-scale public venue development and the application of PublicPrivate Partnerships (PPPs).International Journal of Project Management,32(1), pp.88-100. Marty, F., 2018. The Evolution of Financing Conditions for PPP Contracts: Still a Private Financing Model?. InThe Economics of Public-Private Partnerships(pp. 79-109). Springer, Cham. Mouraviev, N., Mouraviev, N., Kakabadse, N.K. and Kakabadse, N.K., 2016. Conceptualising public-private partnerships: A critical appraisal of approaches to meanings and forms.Society and Business Review,11(2), pp.155-173. Niblock, T. ed., 2015.Social and economic development in the Arab Gulf (RLE economy of Middle East). Routledge. Osei-Kyei, R. and Chan, A.P., 2015. Review of studies on the Critical Success Factors for PublicPrivate Partnership (PPP) projects from 1990 to 2013.International Journal of Project Management,33(6), pp.1335-1346. Osei-Kyei, R., Osei-Kyei, R., Chan, A.P. and Chan, A.P., 2017. Implementation constraints in public-private partnership: Empirical comparison between developing and developed economies/countries.Journal of Facilities Management,15(1), pp.90-106. Sarmento, J.M. and Renneboog, L., 2016. Anatomy of public-private partnerships: their creation, financing and renegotiations.International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,9(1), pp.94-122. Xiao, N.C., Zuo, M.J. and Zhou, C., 2018. A new adaptive sequential sampling method to construct surrogate models for efficient reliability analysis.Reliability Engineering System Safety,169, pp.330-338.

Modern Gadgets A Boon or Bondage Essay Essay Example

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Interactions across cultures and organizations

Introduction This report describes intelligence and its usefulness in the organization. Cultural intelligence may be defined as the general understanding about various cultures and how these cultures work. It involves understanding of one’s culture and cultures of other people. It enables individuals to have a broad knowledge about various cultural norms, values and beliefs. It is the ability to create an impact on various cultures across an organization.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Interactions across cultures and organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cultural intelligence will involve having broad knowledge on the similarities and differences existing between different cultures across the world. Cultural intelligence plays a key role in successful interaction across various cultures. It requires interpersonal skills and negotiation skills across various cultures. It also involves cultural m indfulness, which enables an individual to understand the various differences that exist between various cultures (Matthews et al., 2002). Understanding of cultural differences enables workers to improve on their performance in the work place(Triandis, 2005). Cultural knowledge skills and intelligence are very vital to every enterprise as it enables workers to improve their performance. In order for people to successfully interact with each other in the organization, there is a need for them to understand cultural intelligence. It involves suspending judgment until that time when enough information is available in order to make the correct judgment (Goleman, 2005). It also involves paying attention to details and situations. It helps an individual to identify the information, which is important in making critical judgment, and can combine this information to make the right judgment. It requires behavioral training as well as cognitive training to individuals so that they can underst and various similarities and differences across various cultures. The report describes the meaning of cultural intelligence and how it can be used to improve performance in the organization. Literature Review Triandis in his article identifies important things that a culturally intelligent person should do. These things include the following: Suspending judgment Culturally intelligent persons should suspend judge until enough information to make the right decision is available. This is because the amount of information, which is required to make the correct judgment, is usually very broad. For instance, the behavior of persons living in collective cultures is different from that of persons living in individualistic cultures (Triandis, 1995).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People in collective cultures put a lot of emphasis on the context rather than on the content. On the other hand, those on individualistic cultures put a lot of emphasis on the content more than the context. People in collective cultures give priority to group goals instead of personal goals (Choi, Nisbett, Norenzayan, 1999). Culturally intelligent individuals should suspend judgment until enough information beyond ethnicity of the other person is available. This is because personality attributes, such as ethnocentrism- allocentrism requires to be considered. Culture gives a clue about the position of a sample of individuals but it gives a little information about the particular individual. The culturally intelligent individual should not make a judgment from these clues but should gather biographical information before making conclusions that the other person is likely to be idiocentric or allocentric. Culturally intelligent person should gather a lot of information before making the final judgment in order to make the correct judgment. This because people come from various cultur es with different cultural values and beliefs and the culturally intelligent individual should consider these differences before making decisions. Such a person should see behaviors exhibited by other people as being driven by external factors rather than internal factors. Culturally intelligent person should not be individualistic because he/she has to consider the group interest before the personal interest. He suspends judgment until full information is obtained from different cultural and ethnic sources. This is highly influenced by factors such as education, leadership role, international travels or even social mobility. This enables an individual to gather more information from different people before making a decision. Training to overcome ethnocentrism In reality, all human beings are ethnocentric; they believe that what is normal in their culture should be normal in all other cultures (Triandis, 1990). In case people realize a difference in a set of norms in another culture , they believe that people in this culture are barbaric and immoral. Learning to deal with this situation requires a lot of training because such individuals go against the human nature. An individual becomes ethnocentric due to believing in only one cultural system. A culturally intelligent individual should not believe in only one cultural system. He should realize that there are various cultural systems which differ from one another. He should think of a set of norms as different from one’s own. In addition, human beings have false consensus affect because they believe that the majority of people should think the same way they are thinking (Mullen et al., 1985). A culturally intelligent person should put him/her in the shoes of people from other cultures in order to overcome the biases of ethnocentric.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Interactions across cultures and organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page L earn More Individuals should be exposed to various norms. This does not mean that such an individual is supposed to embrace all cultures that have different norms. Members of a certain culture are kept from improving their conditions by various cultural traps (Edgerton, 1992). According to Earley and Ang (2003), a cultural intelligent should undergo cognitive and behavioral training to overcome ethnocentrism. For instance, cognitive training should include learning on how to make isomorphic attributions (Triandis, 1975). This is usually achieved through culture assimilators (Triandis, 2004). These individuals should participate in different exercises that will enable them to understand various cultures (Hofstede, Hofstede, Pedersen, 2003). They should be trained by being exposed to experiential training (Martin, 1996). Culturally intelligent person should also undergo behavioral modification training in order to achieve desirable behaviors and reduce the probability of undesirabl e behaviors (Paige Martin, 1996). Trainees should be exposed to various cultural beliefs and norms in order to low differences between these values. This will enable them to understand cultures practiced by different people and the reasons behind supporting these cultures. They should be exposed to experimental training, which will enable them to understand the importance of cultural intelligence. During this training, they should be allowed to interact with people from different cultures. The training can be made effective using culture assimilators to help individuals to become culturally intelligent. The training will help individuals to improve interpersonal relations between them and other members of the group. It enables individuals to have a broad knowledge about different norms, which help them to interact with each other. The importance of situations The culturally intelligent individual should understand current behavior in different situations. He should understand the c ultural behaviors of other persons. He should pay special attention to the other person’s behavior. According to research collectivists, situations are cooperative; however, no one is cooperative in individualistic situations (Chatman Barsade, 1995). The culturally intelligent person should have the ability to gather information, which is pertinent to making judgment. This will enable him/her to combine information from various sources in order to make the right decision. He should interact with other people from different cultural background in order to collect a lot of information. This will help such an individual to make the correct decision.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Critique of CQ as a functional tool According to Earley Ang (2003), CQ, refers to the ability of a person to effectively adapt to new cultural contexts. It is based on four components that include cognitive, meta-cognitive, and behavioral component. It involves the ability of an individual to understand specific norms and practices in a new cultural setting. It explains the differences among different individuals ability to adapt to new cultural setting (Earley and Ang, 2003). CQ has been criticized by various international scholars in cross cultural and organizational psychology. First, the CQ has been highly criticized because it has not been tested in a sojourning sample. According to ward and colleagues, the four-factor structure should be confirmed with a sample of individuals involved in the process of cross-cultural adaptation. According to ward and colleagues, emotional intelligence tool is similar to CQ. Emotional intelligence involves the ability to see emotional states i n other people (Goleman, 2005). It also includes regulating emotions in order to achieve an effective social interaction among different cultures. According to Mayer and Salovey (1997), a person should involve understanding emotions and emotional knowledge in order to promote emotional and intellectual growth. It helps in predicting success in a very large domain. Cultural intelligence is different from emotional intelligent, and it cannot be ranked in the category of social intelligence. Thomas (2006) argued that although CQ shares some characteristics with emotional intelligence, it differs in that what is meaningful in one culture might not be meaningful in another culture. According to research by Ward and colleagues, there is a strong correlation between CQ and its subscale with emotional intelligence. The interrelation between cultural intelligence and emotional intelligence is high statistically significant. The correlation between CQ scores and emotional intelligence is equa lly high. According to research, the cultural intelligence and emotional intelligence have a very rate of shared variance. This leads to the criticism on Earley and Ang’s argument that cultural intelligence and emotional intelligence are different forms of intelligence. CQ tool can be described as a self-reported instrument. It is a self-report measure for the evaluation of cultural knowledge in intercultural and international settings. An individual has developed it, and it faces criticism from various international scholars. It is a self-report measure, which is developed and validated by Ang, Van Dyne, Koh, and Ng (2004). It is described as the self-report measure of CQ. It is a self-report assessment of CQ in the general cultural context as described by Berry and Ward (2006). It is a self-report format, which has raised a major concern by the various international scholars. This self-report instrument of evaluating intelligence has various limitations, which have been ana lyzed according to emotional intelligence. It is a self-report measure of cultural intelligence, which has various limitations. It describes the utility of self-report measures of cultural intelligence (Salovey, 2006). Analysis Cultural intelligence should be tested through ability testing. This is because ability testing will give better results as compared to the self-report measure of cultural intelligence. This will enable cultural intelligence to manifest intelligence. This is because ability testing is the performance based testing which is more useful in the prediction of cultural adaptation. (Nisbett, 2003) Performance based measures should be used to measure cultural intelligence instead of the self-report instrument. This is because the performance-based measures have greater concurrent and predictive validity as compared to the self-report instrument (Matthews et al., 2002). The self-report instrument does not show incremental validity in the prediction of social competen cies in relation to personality and verbal intelligence (Salovey, 2006). Performance based measure of cultural intelligence can be able to measure the perceived social competencies, as well as the predicted real time social competence. The performance-based measure enables individuals to understand the relationship that exists between intelligence and intercultural effectiveness. The self-report instrument does not identify the relationship between intelligence and intercultural effectiveness (Goleman, 2005). The self-report instrument undermines the application of IQ construct across various cultures. This makes individuals believe that because there is no culture free behavior, it is difficult to establish a culture free intelligence. Managers should use the performance-based measure to determine the cultural intelligence. This is because these people will be able to understand the correlation between the individual performance and the cultural intelligence (Berry Ward, 2006). Th e Global alliance manager should use the performance-based measure of cultural intelligence as it may help in improving the organization’s performance. This is because the manager negotiates a lot with other managers who come from different cultural background. The performance-based method of assessment will enable the manager to determine the importance or usefulness of the cultural intelligence on the business. The performance based assessment and the cultural specific versions are the most fruitful methods of assessment, which can be used by managers. Cultural intelligence is important in understanding and predicting the acquisition of the appropriate cultural skills. The realization of its potential is limited by its measurement. This method will enable managers to relate cultural intelligence with the performance of individuals in the organization. Those workers with a lot of knowledge about different cultures across the globe always perform well in the organization. Thi s will enable managers to understand the importance of cultural intelligence as compared to the self-report instrument of evaluating the importance of cultural intelligence in the organization. The performance-based assessment has no limitations like the one experienced by the use of self-report measurement method. At present, however, performance based assessment is the best method of testing cultural intelligence unless other sophisticated measures of assessment are available. These methods may include observation, interview, cultural assimilators, computer simulations as well as assessment centers. All these measurement methods may be advanced than the performance based method. However, since they are only proposed at the moment, performance based method is the most appropriate measurement of the correlation between cultural intelligence and performance in the organization. According to Geert Hofstede cultural studies, members in different countries and culture differ in various ways. For instance in Saudi Arabia people have different beliefs and values. People in this country speak different languages such as Arabic, English urdu and other Asian languages such as Farsi and Turkish. Islam is the religion, which is practiced in this country, and it governs political and economic lives of people in this country. An individual requires a Saudi to enter in this country. Business decisions are made slowly in this country. The judgment is suspending until enough information is available. In Peru, decisions are made after gathering information from different people who are from different cultures. People in these countries differ in various issues and all these issues are considered before making the final judgment (Hofstede, Hofstede, Pedersen, 2003). The country is divided into three major regions and people from these regions have diverse cultural beliefs. In Israel, cultural differences between people are very important for economic and political issues. Hofs ede argued that understand cultural differences is very important in all businesses. In Israel, understanding organizational cultures enables individuals to perform well in the business organization. Hofsede stated that individuals should involve themselves in different exercises in order to understand various cultures. In Jordan, there are various cultures and workers participate in activities, which enable them to understand these cultures. People doing business in Jordan need to learn the languages spoken in this country (Hofstede, Hofstede, Pedersen, 2003). References Berry, J. W., Ward, C., 2006. Commentary on ‘‘Redefining interactions across cultures and organizations.’ Group Organization Management. Earley, P. C.,Ang, S., 2003. Cultural intelligence. Stanford,CA: StanfordUniversity Press. Goleman, D., 2005. Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books Hofstede, G. J., Hofstede, G., Pedersen, P., 2003. Exploring culture:Exercises, stories and synthetic cultures. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press. Matthews, G., Zeidner, M., Roberts, R. D., 2002. Emotional intelligence:Â  Science and myth. Cambridge: MIT Press Nisbett, R., 2003. The geography of thought. New York: Free Press. Triandis, H.C., 2006. Cultural Intelligence in Organizations. Group and Organization Management, 31, pp 20-26. Triandis, H. C., 2004. Culture and social behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill. Triandis, H. C., 2005. Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview. Ward, C. Fischer, R. Zaid Lam, F.S., and Hall, L., 2009. The Convergent, Discriminant, and Incremental Validity of Scores on a Self-Report Measure of Cultural Intelligence, Educational and Psychological Measurement, Volume 69 (1), 85-105. . This report on Interactions across cultures and organizations was written and submitted by user Giovani I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.